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What is GeoJSON?

GeoJSON is an open standard format for encoding geographic data structures using JSON (JavaScript Object Notation). It supports various geometry types including points, lines, polygons, and multi-part collections of these types.

GeoJSON is widely used in web mapping applications, GIS software, and location-based services. It's human-readable, easy to parse, and supported by most modern mapping libraries and tools.

Key features of GeoJSON:

• Simple Format: Easy to read and write, based on JSON
• Widely Supported: Compatible with Leaflet, OpenLayers, Google Maps, Mapbox
• Rich Data: Can include properties and metadata for each feature
• Standard Format: RFC 7946 specification ensures interoperability
• Geometry Types: Points, LineStrings, Polygons, and their Multi- variants

GeoJSON is the preferred format for exchanging spatial data on the web, making it essential for modern web mapping applications.

GeoJSON Structure

A GeoJSON object can be one of several types:

• FeatureCollection: A collection of Feature objects
• Feature: A single geographic feature with geometry and properties
• Geometry: A geometric shape (Point, LineString, Polygon, etc.)

Example GeoJSON structure:

{
  "type": "FeatureCollection",
  "features": [
    {
      "type": "Feature",
      "geometry": {
        "type": "Point",
        "coordinates": [105.8342, 21.0278]
      },
      "properties": {
        "name": "Hanoi",
        "population": 8000000
      }
    }
  ]
}

Each feature can have a geometry object defining its shape and location, plus a properties object containing any additional data.

Geometry Types in GeoJSON

GeoJSON supports these geometry types:

• Point: Single location [longitude, latitude]
• LineString: Array of two or more positions forming a line
• Polygon: Array of linear rings (closed LineStrings)
• MultiPoint: Array of Point coordinates
• MultiLineString: Array of LineString coordinate arrays
• MultiPolygon: Array of Polygon coordinate arrays
• GeometryCollection: Array of geometry objects

Note: Coordinates are always in [longitude, latitude] order, which is opposite of the common latitude, longitude order.

Common Uses of GeoJSON

GeoJSON is used in many applications:

• Web Mapping: Display geographic features on interactive maps
• Data Visualization: Choropleth maps, heat maps, marker clusters
• GIS Analysis: Import/export data between different GIS systems
• Location Services: Store and query spatial data in databases
• Open Data: Government and organizations publish geographic datasets
• Mobile Apps: Offline map data and custom overlays

GeoJSON vs Other Formats

Comparison with other geographic formats:

• vs Shapefile: GeoJSON is text-based and web-friendly, Shapefile is binary and requires multiple files
• vs KML: GeoJSON is simpler and faster to parse, KML supports more styling options
• vs GPX: GeoJSON is more flexible for various geometries, GPX is specialized for GPS tracks
• vs TopoJSON: GeoJSON is easier to use, TopoJSON is more compact for large datasets

Choose GeoJSON when you need a simple, widely-supported format for web applications and don't require advanced features like topology encoding.